Science Tools

Science tools for the bench and field calculations that sit between a measurement and a usable number: radiocarbon age from the carbon 14 left in a sample, the decay law solved for any of its four unknowns, molar mass summed from a chemical formula, solution concentration moved between molarity, molality, mass percent, mole fraction, ppm and normality, primer melting and annealing temperatures by nearest-neighbor thermodynamics, mass flow rate across fourteen units, and dew point and wind chill from temperature with humidity or wind speed. Each tool names the published formula and the constants it uses, because in this domain a number without them is not a result. The mistake that quietly invalidates one is reading a reported figure as something it is not: radiocarbon ages are uncalibrated years before 1950 rather than calendar dates, and the two half-life conventions in use differ by about 3 percent, which is why both are reported side by side. If you are new to the category, start with the decay and dating tools if you need an age, the concentration and molar mass tools if you are making up a solution, and the atmospheric tools for comfort and frostbite thresholds, which carry the temperature and wind limits their source formulas are valid within.

8 tools available